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-.TH libarchive-formats 3 "April 27, 2004" ""
-.SH NAME
-\fBlibarchive-formats\fP
-\- archive formats supported by the libarchive library
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-The
-\fBlibarchive\fP(3)
-library reads and writes a variety of streaming archive formats.
-Generally speaking, all of these archive formats consist of a series of
-``entries''.
-Each entry stores a single file system object, such as a file, directory,
-or symbolic link.
-The following provides a brief description of each format supported
-by libarchive, with some information about recognized extensions or
-limitations of the current library support.
-Note that just because a format is supported by libarchive does not
-imply that a program that uses libarchive will support that format.
-Applications that use libarchive specify which formats they wish
-to support.
-.SS Tar Formats
-The
-\fBlibarchive\fP(3)
-library can read most tar archives.
-However, it only writes POSIX-standard
-``ustar''
-and
-``pax interchange''
-formats.
-All tar formats store each entry in one or more 512-byte records.
-The first record is used for file metadata, including filename,
-timestamp, and mode information, and the file data is stored in
-subsequent records.
-Later variants have extended this by either appropriating undefined
-areas of the header record, extending the header to multiple records,
-or by storing special entries that modify the interpretation of
-subsequent entries.
-.TP
-\fBgnutar\fP
-The
-\fBlibarchive\fP(3)
-library can read GNU-format tar archives.
-It currently supports the most popular GNU extensions, including
-modern long filename and linkname support, as well as atime and ctime data.
-The libarchive library does not support multi-volume
-archives, nor the old GNU long filename format.
-It can read GNU sparse file entries, including the new POSIX-based
-formats, but cannot write GNU sparse file entries.
-.TP
-\fBpax\fP
-The
-\fBlibarchive\fP(3)
-library can read and write POSIX-compliant pax interchange format
-archives.
-Pax interchange format archives are an extension of the older ustar
-format that adds a separate entry with additional attributes stored
-as key/value pairs.
-The presence of this additional entry is the only difference between
-pax interchange format and the older ustar format.
-The extended attributes are of unlimited length and are stored
-as UTF-8 Unicode strings.
-Keywords defined in the standard are in all lowercase; vendors are allowed
-to define custom keys by preceding them with the vendor name in all uppercase.
-When writing pax archives, libarchive uses many of the SCHILY keys
-defined by Joerg Schilling's
-``star''
-archiver.
-The libarchive library can read most of the SCHILY keys.
-It silently ignores any keywords that it does not understand.
-.TP
-\fBrestricted\fP pax
-The libarchive library can also write pax archives in which it
-attempts to suppress the extended attributes entry whenever
-possible.
-The result will be identical to a ustar archive unless the
-extended attributes entry is required to store a long file
-name, long linkname, extended ACL, file flags, or if any of the standard
-ustar data (user name, group name, UID, GID, etc) cannot be fully
-represented in the ustar header.
-In all cases, the result can be dearchived by any program that
-can read POSIX-compliant pax interchange format archives.
-Programs that correctly read ustar format (see below) will also be
-able to read this format; any extended attributes will be extracted as
-separate files stored in
-\fIPaxHeader\fP
-directories.
-.TP
-\fBustar\fP
-The libarchive library can both read and write this format.
-This format has the following limitations:
-.IP \(bu
-Device major and minor numbers are limited to 21 bits.
-Nodes with larger numbers will not be added to the archive.
-.IP \(bu
-Path names in the archive are limited to 255 bytes.
-(Shorter if there is no / character in exactly the right place.)
-.IP \(bu
-Symbolic links and hard links are stored in the archive with
-the name of the referenced file.
-This name is limited to 100 bytes.
-.IP \(bu
-Extended attributes, file flags, and other extended
-security information cannot be stored.
-.IP \(bu
-Archive entries are limited to 2 gigabytes in size.
-Note that the pax interchange format has none of these restrictions.
-The libarchive library can also read a variety of commonly-used extensions to
-the basic tar format.
-In particular, it supports base-256 values in certain numeric fields.
-This essentially removes the limitations on file size, modification time,
-and device numbers.
-The first tar program appeared in Seventh Edition Unix in 1979.
-The first official standard for the tar file format was the
-``ustar''
-(Unix Standard Tar) format defined by POSIX in 1988.
-POSIX.1-2001 extended the ustar format to create the
-``pax interchange''
-format.
-.SS Cpio Formats
-The libarchive library can read a number of common cpio variants and can write
-``odc''
-and
-``newc''
-format archives.
-A cpio archive stores each entry as a fixed-size header followed
-by a variable-length filename and variable-length data.
-Unlike tar, cpio does only minimal padding of the header or file data.
-There are a variety of cpio formats, which differ primarily in
-how they store the initial header: some store the values as
-octal or hexadecimal numbers in ASCII, others as binary values of
-varying byte order and length.
-.TP
-\fBbinary\fP
-The libarchive library can read both big-endian and little-endian
-variants of the original binary cpio format.
-This format used 32-bit binary values for file size and mtime,
-and 16-bit binary values for the other fields.
-.TP
-\fBodc\fP
-The libarchive library can both read and write this
-POSIX-standard format.
-This format stores the header contents as octal values in ASCII.
-It is standard, portable, and immune from byte-order confusion.
-File sizes and mtime are limited to 33 bits (8GB file size),
-other fields are limited to 18 bits.
-.TP
-\fBSVR4\fP
-The libarchive library can read both CRC and non-CRC variants of
-this format.
-The SVR4 format uses eight-digit hexadecimal values for
-all header fields.
-This limits file size to 4GB, and also limits the mtime and
-other fields to 32 bits.
-The SVR4 format can optionally include a CRC of the file
-contents, although libarchive does not currently verify this CRC.
-Cpio first appeared in PWB/UNIX 1.0, which was released within
-AT&T in 1977.
-PWB/UNIX 1.0 formed the basis of System III Unix, released outside
-of AT&T in 1981.
-This makes cpio older than tar, although cpio was not included
-in Version 7 AT&T Unix.
-As a result, the tar command became much better known in universities
-and research groups that used Version 7.
-The combination of the
-\fBfind\fP
-and
-\fBcpio\fP
-utilities provided very precise control over file selection.
-Unfortunately, the format has many limitations that make it unsuitable
-for widespread use.
-Only the POSIX format permits files over 4GB, and its 18-bit
-limit for most other fields makes it unsuitable for modern systems.
-In addition, cpio formats only store numeric UID/GID values (not
-usernames and group names), which can make it very difficult to correctly
-transfer archives across systems with dissimilar user numbering.
-.SS Shar Formats
-A
-``shell archive''
-is a shell script that, when executed on a POSIX-compliant
-system, will recreate a collection of file system objects.
-The libarchive library can write two different kinds of shar archives:
-.TP
-\fBshar\fP
-The traditional shar format uses a limited set of POSIX
-commands, including
-\fBecho\fP(1),
-\fBmkdir\fP(1),
-and
-\fBsed\fP(1).
-It is suitable for portably archiving small collections of plain text files.
-However, it is not generally well-suited for large archives
-(many implementations of
-\fBsh\fP(1)
-have limits on the size of a script) nor should it be used with non-text files.
-.TP
-\fBshardump\fP
-This format is similar to shar but encodes files using
-\fBuuencode\fP(1)
-so that the result will be a plain text file regardless of the file contents.
-It also includes additional shell commands that attempt to reproduce as
-many file attributes as possible, including owner, mode, and flags.
-The additional commands used to restore file attributes make
-shardump archives less portable than plain shar archives.
-.SS ISO9660 format
-Libarchive can read and extract from files containing ISO9660-compliant
-CDROM images.
-It also has partial support for Rockridge extensions.
-In many cases, this can remove the need to burn a physical CDROM.
-It also avoids security and complexity issues that come with
-virtual mounts and loopback devices.
-.SS Zip format
-Libarchive can extract from most zip format archives.
-It currently only supports uncompressed entries and entries
-compressed with the
-``deflate''
-algorithm.
-Older zip compression algorithms are not supported.
-.SS Archive (library) file format
-The Unix archive format (commonly created by the
-\fBar\fP(1)
-archiver) is a general-purpose format which is
-used almost exclusively for object files to be
-read by the link editor
-\fBld\fP(1).
-The ar format has never been standardised.
-There are two common variants:
-the GNU format derived from SVR4,
-and the BSD format, which first appeared in 4.4BSD.
-Libarchive provides read and write support for both variants.
-.SH SEE ALSO
-\fBar\fP(1),
-\fBcpio\fP(1),
-\fBmkisofs\fP(1),
-\fBshar\fP(1),
-\fBtar\fP(1),
-\fBzip\fP(1),
-\fBzlib\fP(3),
-\fBcpio\fP(5),
-\fBmtree\fP(5),
-\fBtar\fP(5)