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-.\" Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Tim Kientzle
-.\" All rights reserved.
-.\"
-.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-.\" are met:
-.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-.\"
-.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
-.\"
-.\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/tar/bsdtar.1,v 1.37 2008/01/22 07:23:44 kientzle Exp $
-.\"
-.Dd April 13, 2004
-.Dt BSDTAR 1
-.Os
-.Sh NAME
-.Nm tar
-.Nd manipulate tape archives
-.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.Nm
-.Op Ar bundled-flags Ao args Ac
-.Op Ao Ar file Ac | Ao Ar pattern Ac ...
-.Nm
-.Brq Fl c
-.Op Ar options
-.Op Ar files | directories
-.Nm
-.Brq Fl r | Fl u
-.Fl f Ar archive-file
-.Op Ar options
-.Op Ar files | directories
-.Nm
-.Brq Fl t | Fl x
-.Op Ar options
-.Op Ar patterns
-.Sh DESCRIPTION
-.Nm
-creates and manipulates streaming archive files.
-This implementation can extract from tar, pax, cpio, zip, jar, ar,
-and ISO 9660 cdrom images and can create tar, pax, cpio, ar,
-and shar archives.
-.Pp
-The first synopsis form shows a
-.Dq bundled
-option word.
-This usage is provided for compatibility with historical implementations.
-See COMPATIBILITY below for details.
-.Pp
-The other synopsis forms show the preferred usage.
-The first option to
-.Nm
-is a mode indicator from the following list:
-.Bl -tag -compact -width indent
-.It Fl c
-Create a new archive containing the specified items.
-.It Fl r
-Like
-.Fl c ,
-but new entries are appended to the archive.
-Note that this only works on uncompressed archives stored in regular files.
-The
-.Fl f
-option is required.
-.It Fl t
-List archive contents to stdout.
-.It Fl u
-Like
-.Fl r ,
-but new entries are added only if they have a modification date
-newer than the corresponding entry in the archive.
-Note that this only works on uncompressed archives stored in regular files.
-The
-.Fl f
-option is required.
-.It Fl x
-Extract to disk from the archive.
-If a file with the same name appears more than once in the archive,
-each copy will be extracted, with later copies overwriting (replacing)
-earlier copies.
-.El
-.Pp
-In
-.Fl c ,
-.Fl r ,
-or
-.Fl u
-mode, each specified file or directory is added to the
-archive in the order specified on the command line.
-By default, the contents of each directory are also archived.
-.Pp
-In extract or list mode, the entire command line
-is read and parsed before the archive is opened.
-The pathnames or patterns on the command line indicate
-which items in the archive should be processed.
-Patterns are shell-style globbing patterns as
-documented in
-.Xr tcsh 1 .
-.Sh OPTIONS
-Unless specifically stated otherwise, options are applicable in
-all operating modes.
-.Bl -tag -width indent
-.It Cm @ Ns Pa archive
-(c and r mode only)
-The specified archive is opened and the entries
-in it will be appended to the current archive.
-As a simple example,
-.Dl Nm Fl c Fl f Pa - Pa newfile Cm @ Ns Pa original.tar
-writes a new archive to standard output containing a file
-.Pa newfile
-and all of the entries from
-.Pa original.tar .
-In contrast,
-.Dl Nm Fl c Fl f Pa - Pa newfile Pa original.tar
-creates a new archive with only two entries.
-Similarly,
-.Dl Nm Fl czf Pa - Fl -format Cm pax Cm @ Ns Pa -
-reads an archive from standard input (whose format will be determined
-automatically) and converts it into a gzip-compressed
-pax-format archive on stdout.
-In this way,
-.Nm
-can be used to convert archives from one format to another.
-.It Fl b Ar blocksize
-Specify the block size, in 512-byte records, for tape drive I/O.
-As a rule, this argument is only needed when reading from or writing
-to tape drives, and usually not even then as the default block size of
-20 records (10240 bytes) is very common.
-.It Fl C Ar directory
-In c and r mode, this changes the directory before adding
-the following files.
-In x mode, change directories after opening the archive
-but before extracting entries from the archive.
-.It Fl -check-links ( Fl W Cm check-links )
-(c and r modes only)
-Issue a warning message unless all links to each file are archived.
-.It Fl -exclude Ar pattern ( Fl W Cm exclude Ns = Ns Ar pattern )
-Do not process files or directories that match the
-specified pattern.
-Note that exclusions take precedence over patterns or filenames
-specified on the command line.
-.It Fl -format Ar format ( Fl W Cm format Ns = Ns Ar format )
-(c mode only)
-Use the specified format for the created archive.
-Supported formats include
-.Dq cpio ,
-.Dq pax ,
-.Dq shar ,
-and
-.Dq ustar .
-Other formats may also be supported; see
-.Xr libarchive-formats 5
-for more information about currently-supported formats.
-.It Fl f Ar file
-Read the archive from or write the archive to the specified file.
-The filename can be
-.Pa -
-for standard input or standard output.
-If not specified, the default tape device will be used.
-(On
-.Fx ,
-the default tape device is
-.Pa /dev/sa0 . )
-.It Fl -fast-read ( Fl W Cm fast-read )
-(x and t mode only)
-Extract or list only the first archive entry that matches each pattern
-or filename operand.
-Exit as soon as each specified pattern or filename has been matched.
-By default, the archive is always read to the very end, since
-there can be multiple entries with the same name and, by convention,
-later entries overwrite earlier entries.
-This option is provided as a performance optimization.
-.It Fl H
-(c and r mode only)
-Symbolic links named on the command line will be followed; the
-target of the link will be archived, not the link itself.
-.It Fl h
-(c and r mode only)
-Synonym for
-.Fl L .
-.It Fl I
-Synonym for
-.Fl T .
-.It Fl -include Ar pattern ( Fl W Cm include Ns = Ns Ar pattern )
-Process only files or directories that match the specified pattern.
-Note that exclusions specified with
-.Fl -exclude
-take precedence over inclusions.
-If no inclusions are explicitly specified, all entries are processed by
-default.
-The
-.Fl -include
-option is especially useful when filtering archives.
-For example, the command
-.Dl Nm Fl c Fl f Pa new.tar Fl -include='*foo*' Cm @ Ns Pa old.tgz
-creates a new archive
-.Pa new.tar
-containing only the entries from
-.Pa old.tgz
-containing the string
-.Sq foo .
-.It Fl j
-(c mode only)
-Compress the resulting archive with
-.Xr bzip2 1 .
-In extract or list modes, this option is ignored.
-Note that, unlike other
-.Nm tar
-implementations, this implementation recognizes bzip2 compression
-automatically when reading archives.
-.It Fl k
-(x mode only)
-Do not overwrite existing files.
-In particular, if a file appears more than once in an archive,
-later copies will not overwrite earlier copies.
-.It Fl L
-(c and r mode only)
-All symbolic links will be followed.
-Normally, symbolic links are archived as such.
-With this option, the target of the link will be archived instead.
-.It Fl l
-This is a synonym for the
-.Fl -check-links
-option.
-.It Fl m
-(x mode only)
-Do not extract modification time.
-By default, the modification time is set to the time stored in the archive.
-.It Fl n
-(c, r, u modes only)
-Do not recursively archive the contents of directories.
-.It Fl -newer Ar date ( Fl W Cm newer Ns = Ns Ar date )
-(c, r, u modes only)
-Only include files and directories newer than the specified date.
-This compares ctime entries.
-.It Fl -newer-mtime Ar date ( Fl W Cm newer-mtime Ns = Ns Ar date )
-(c, r, u modes only)
-Like
-.Fl -newer ,
-except it compares mtime entries instead of ctime entries.
-.It Fl -newer-than Pa file ( Fl W Cm newer-than Ns = Ns Pa file )
-(c, r, u modes only)
-Only include files and directories newer than the specified file.
-This compares ctime entries.
-.It Fl -newer-mtime-than Pa file ( Fl W Cm newer-mtime-than Ns = Ns Pa file )
-(c, r, u modes only)
-Like
-.Fl -newer-than ,
-except it compares mtime entries instead of ctime entries.
-.It Fl -nodump ( Fl W Cm nodump )
-(c and r modes only)
-Honor the nodump file flag by skipping this file.
-.It Fl -null ( Fl W Cm null )
-(use with
-.Fl I ,
-.Fl T ,
-or
-.Fl X )
-Filenames or patterns are separated by null characters,
-not by newlines.
-This is often used to read filenames output by the
-.Fl print0
-option to
-.Xr find 1 .
-.It Fl O
-(x, t modes only)
-In extract (-x) mode, files will be written to standard out rather than
-being extracted to disk.
-In list (-t) mode, the file listing will be written to stderr rather than
-the usual stdout.
-.It Fl o
-(x mode only)
-Use the user and group of the user running the program rather
-than those specified in the archive.
-Note that this has no significance unless
-.Fl p
-is specified, and the program is being run by the root user.
-In this case, the file modes and flags from
-the archive will be restored, but ACLs or owner information in
-the archive will be discarded.
-.It Fl -one-file-system ( Fl W Cm one-file-system )
-(c, r, and u modes)
-Do not cross mount points.
-.It Fl P
-Preserve pathnames.
-By default, absolute pathnames (those that begin with a /
-character) have the leading slash removed both when creating archives
-and extracting from them.
-Also,
-.Nm
-will refuse to extract archive entries whose pathnames contain
-.Pa ..
-or whose target directory would be altered by a symlink.
-This option suppresses these behaviors.
-.It Fl p
-(x mode only)
-Preserve file permissions.
-Attempt to restore the full permissions, including owner, file modes, file
-flags and ACLs, if available, for each item extracted from the archive.
-By default, newly-created files are owned by the user running
-.Nm ,
-the file mode is restored for newly-created regular files, and
-all other types of entries receive default permissions.
-If
-.Nm
-is being run by root, the default is to restore the owner unless the
-.Fl o
-option is also specified.
-.It Fl -strip-components Ar count ( Fl W Cm strip-components Ns = Ns Ar count )
-(x and t mode only)
-Remove the specified number of leading path elements.
-Pathnames with fewer elements will be silently skipped.
-Note that the pathname is edited after checking inclusion/exclusion patterns
-but before security checks.
-.It Fl T Ar filename
-In x or t mode,
-.Nm
-will read the list of names to be extracted from
-.Pa filename .
-In c mode,
-.Nm
-will read names to be archived from
-.Pa filename .
-The special name
-.Dq -C
-on a line by itself will cause the current directory to be changed to
-the directory specified on the following line.
-Names are terminated by newlines unless
-.Fl -null
-is specified.
-Note that
-.Fl -null
-also disables the special handling of lines containing
-.Dq -C .
-.It Fl U
-(x mode only)
-Unlink files before creating them.
-Without this option,
-.Nm
-overwrites existing files, which preserves existing hardlinks.
-With this option, existing hardlinks will be broken, as will any
-symlink that would affect the location of an extracted file.
-.It Fl -use-compress-program Ar program
-Pipe the input (in x or t mode) or the output (in c mode) through
-.Pa program
-instead of using the builtin compression support.
-.It Fl v
-Produce verbose output.
-In create and extract modes,
-.Nm
-will list each file name as it is read from or written to
-the archive.
-In list mode,
-.Nm
-will produce output similar to that of
-.Xr ls 1 .
-Additional
-.Fl v
-options will provide additional detail.
-.It Fl W Ar longopt=value
-Long options (preceded by
-.Fl - )
-are only supported directly on systems that have the
-.Xr getopt_long 3
-function.
-The
-.Fl W
-option can be used to access long options on systems that
-do not support this function.
-.It Fl w
-Ask for confirmation for every action.
-.It Fl X Ar filename
-Read a list of exclusion patterns from the specified file.
-See
-.Fl -exclude
-for more information about the handling of exclusions.
-.It Fl y
-(c mode only)
-Compress the resulting archive with
-.Xr bzip2 1 .
-In extract or list modes, this option is ignored.
-Note that, unlike other
-.Nm tar
-implementations, this implementation recognizes bzip2 compression
-automatically when reading archives.
-.It Fl z
-(c mode only)
-Compress the resulting archive with
-.Xr gzip 1 .
-In extract or list modes, this option is ignored.
-Note that, unlike other
-.Nm tar
-implementations, this implementation recognizes gzip compression
-automatically when reading archives.
-.El
-.Sh ENVIRONMENT
-The following environment variables affect the execution of
-.Nm :
-.Bl -tag -width ".Ev BLOCKSIZE"
-.It Ev LANG
-The locale to use.
-See
-.Xr environ 7
-for more information.
-.It Ev TAPE
-The default tape device.
-The
-.Fl f
-option overrides this.
-.It Ev TZ
-The timezone to use when displaying dates.
-See
-.Xr environ 7
-for more information.
-.El
-.Sh FILES
-.Bl -tag -width ".Ev BLOCKSIZE"
-.It Pa /dev/sa0
-The default tape device, if not overridden by the
-.Ev TAPE
-environment variable or the
-.Fl f
-option.
-.El
-.Sh EXIT STATUS
-.Ex -std
-.Sh EXAMPLES
-The following creates a new archive
-called
-.Ar file.tar.gz
-that contains two files
-.Ar source.c
-and
-.Ar source.h :
-.Dl Nm Fl czf Pa file.tar.gz Pa source.c Pa source.h
-.Pp
-To view a detailed table of contents for this
-archive:
-.Dl Nm Fl tvf Pa file.tar.gz
-.Pp
-To extract all entries from the archive on
-the default tape drive:
-.Dl Nm Fl x
-.Pp
-To examine the contents of an ISO 9660 cdrom image:
-.Dl Nm Fl tf Pa image.iso
-.Pp
-To move file hierarchies, invoke
-.Nm
-as
-.Dl Nm Fl cf Pa - Fl C Pa srcdir\ . | Nm Fl xpf Pa - Fl C Pa destdir
-or more traditionally
-.Dl cd srcdir \&; Nm Fl cf Pa -\ . | ( cd destdir \&; Nm Fl xpf Pa - )
-.Pp
-In create mode, the list of files and directories to be archived
-can also include directory change instructions of the form
-.Cm -C Ns Pa foo/baz
-and archive inclusions of the form
-.Cm @ Ns Pa archive-file .
-For example, the command line
-.Dl Nm Fl c Fl f Pa new.tar Pa foo1 Cm @ Ns Pa old.tgz Cm -C Ns Pa /tmp Pa foo2
-will create a new archive
-.Pa new.tar .
-.Nm
-will read the file
-.Pa foo1
-from the current directory and add it to the output archive.
-It will then read each entry from
-.Pa old.tgz
-and add those entries to the output archive.
-Finally, it will switch to the
-.Pa /tmp
-directory and add
-.Pa foo2
-to the output archive.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fl -newer
-and
-.Fl -newer-mtime
-switches accept a variety of common date and time specifications, including
-.Dq 12 Mar 2005 7:14:29pm ,
-.Dq 2005-03-12 19:14 ,
-.Dq 5 minutes ago ,
-and
-.Dq 19:14 PST May 1 .
-.Sh COMPATIBILITY
-The bundled-arguments format is supported for compatibility
-with historic implementations.
-It consists of an initial word (with no leading - character) in which
-each character indicates an option.
-Arguments follow as separate words.
-The order of the arguments must match the order
-of the corresponding characters in the bundled command word.
-For example,
-.Dl Nm Cm tbf 32 Pa file.tar
-specifies three flags
-.Cm t ,
-.Cm b ,
-and
-.Cm f .
-The
-.Cm b
-and
-.Cm f
-flags both require arguments,
-so there must be two additional items
-on the command line.
-The
-.Ar 32
-is the argument to the
-.Cm b
-flag, and
-.Ar file.tar
-is the argument to the
-.Cm f
-flag.
-.Pp
-The mode options c, r, t, u, and x and the options
-b, f, l, m, o, v, and w comply with SUSv2.
-.Pp
-For maximum portability, scripts that invoke
-.Nm tar
-should use the bundled-argument format above, should limit
-themselves to the
-.Cm c ,
-.Cm t ,
-and
-.Cm x
-modes, and the
-.Cm b ,
-.Cm f ,
-.Cm m ,
-.Cm v ,
-and
-.Cm w
-options.
-.Pp
-On systems that support getopt_long(), additional long options
-are available to improve compatibility with other tar implementations.
-.Sh SECURITY
-Certain security issues are common to many archiving programs, including
-.Nm .
-In particular, carefully-crafted archives can request that
-.Nm
-extract files to locations outside of the target directory.
-This can potentially be used to cause unwitting users to overwrite
-files they did not intend to overwrite.
-If the archive is being extracted by the superuser, any file
-on the system can potentially be overwritten.
-There are three ways this can happen.
-Although
-.Nm
-has mechanisms to protect against each one,
-savvy users should be aware of the implications:
-.Bl -bullet -width indent
-.It
-Archive entries can have absolute pathnames.
-By default,
-.Nm
-removes the leading
-.Pa /
-character from filenames before restoring them to guard against this problem.
-.It
-Archive entries can have pathnames that include
-.Pa ..
-components.
-By default,
-.Nm
-will not extract files containing
-.Pa ..
-components in their pathname.
-.It
-Archive entries can exploit symbolic links to restore
-files to other directories.
-An archive can restore a symbolic link to another directory,
-then use that link to restore a file into that directory.
-To guard against this,
-.Nm
-checks each extracted path for symlinks.
-If the final path element is a symlink, it will be removed
-and replaced with the archive entry.
-If
-.Fl U
-is specified, any intermediate symlink will also be unconditionally removed.
-If neither
-.Fl U
-nor
-.Fl P
-is specified,
-.Nm
-will refuse to extract the entry.
-.El
-To protect yourself, you should be wary of any archives that
-come from untrusted sources.
-You should examine the contents of an archive with
-.Dl Nm Fl tf Pa filename
-before extraction.
-You should use the
-.Fl k
-option to ensure that
-.Nm
-will not overwrite any existing files or the
-.Fl U
-option to remove any pre-existing files.
-You should generally not extract archives while running with super-user
-privileges.
-Note that the
-.Fl P
-option to
-.Nm
-disables the security checks above and allows you to extract
-an archive while preserving any absolute pathnames,
-.Pa ..
-components, or symlinks to other directories.
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr bzip2 1 ,
-.Xr cpio 1 ,
-.Xr gzip 1 ,
-.Xr mt 1 ,
-.Xr pax 1 ,
-.Xr shar 1 ,
-.Xr libarchive 3 ,
-.Xr libarchive-formats 5 ,
-.Xr tar 5
-.Sh STANDARDS
-There is no current POSIX standard for the tar command; it appeared
-in
-.St -p1003.1-96
-but was dropped from
-.St -p1003.1-2001 .
-The options used by this implementation were developed by surveying a
-number of existing tar implementations as well as the old POSIX specification
-for tar and the current POSIX specification for pax.
-.Pp
-The ustar and pax interchange file formats are defined by
-.St -p1003.1-2001
-for the pax command.
-.Sh HISTORY
-A
-.Nm tar
-command appeared in Seventh Edition Unix, which was released in January, 1979.
-There have been numerous other implementations,
-many of which extended the file format.
-John Gilmore's
-.Nm pdtar
-public-domain implementation (circa November, 1987)
-was quite influential, and formed the basis of GNU tar.
-GNU tar was included as the standard system tar
-in
-.Fx
-beginning with
-.Fx 1.0 .
-.Pp
-This is a complete re-implementation based on the
-.Xr libarchive 3
-library.
-.Sh BUGS
-This program follows
-.St -p1003.1-96
-for the definition of the
-.Fl l
-option.
-Note that GNU tar prior to version 1.15 treated
-.Fl l
-as a synonym for the
-.Fl -one-file-system
-option.
-.Pp
-The
-.Fl C Pa dir
-option may differ from historic implementations.
-.Pp
-All archive output is written in correctly-sized blocks, even
-if the output is being compressed.
-Whether or not the last output block is padded to a full
-block size varies depending on the format and the
-output device.
-For tar and cpio formats, the last block of output is padded
-to a full block size if the output is being
-written to standard output or to a character or block device such as
-a tape drive.
-If the output is being written to a regular file, the last block
-will not be padded.
-Many compressors, including
-.Xr gzip 1
-and
-.Xr bzip2 1 ,
-complain about the null padding when decompressing an archive created by
-.Nm ,
-although they still extract it correctly.
-.Pp
-The compression and decompression is implemented internally, so
-there may be insignificant differences between the compressed output
-generated by
-.Dl Nm Fl czf Pa - file
-and that generated by
-.Dl Nm Fl cf Pa - file | Nm gzip
-.Pp
-The default should be to read and write archives to the standard I/O paths,
-but tradition (and POSIX) dictates otherwise.
-.Pp
-The
-.Cm r
-and
-.Cm u
-modes require that the archive be uncompressed
-and located in a regular file on disk.
-Other archives can be modified using
-.Cm c
-mode with the
-.Pa @archive-file
-extension.
-.Pp
-To archive a file called
-.Pa @foo
-or
-.Pa -foo
-you must specify it as
-.Pa ./@foo
-or
-.Pa ./-foo ,
-respectively.
-.Pp
-In create mode, a leading
-.Pa ./
-is always removed.
-A leading
-.Pa /
-is stripped unless the
-.Fl P
-option is specified.
-.Pp
-There needs to be better support for file selection on both create
-and extract.
-.Pp
-There is not yet any support for multi-volume archives or for archiving
-sparse files.
-.Pp
-Converting between dissimilar archive formats (such as tar and cpio) using the
-.Cm @ Ns Pa -
-convention can cause hard link information to be lost.
-(This is a consequence of the incompatible ways that different archive
-formats store hardlink information.)
-.Pp
-There are alternative long options for many of the short options that
-are deliberately not documented.